Pair Pair refers to a social arrangement of two students working together.
Peer assessment Peer assessments are where students are required to reflect on and assess/grade their peers' work. Goals include developing effective communication skills, effective teamwork skills, and student self-improvement.
Peer mentoring Peer mentoring is comprised of arrangements characterized by experienced /advanced students or alumni advising less advanced students in an effort to increase retention and interest. Topics discussed may include, but are no limited to, research, problems with faculty, research skill development, time management, and academics.
Peer teaching Peer teaching or tutoring is an approach in which one student instructs another on material in which the first is an expert and the second is a novice. Australia peer teaching is more commonly referred to as "proctoring" and "mentoring."
Performance assessment Performance assessment is a measure of achievement based on authentic tasks such as activities, exercises, or problems that require students to show what they can do.
Performance declined Articles were coded as "performance declined" if they provided evidence or simply claimed that the intervention led to a decline or decrease in student performance.
Performance enhanced Articles were coded as "performance enhanced" if they provided evidence or simply claimed that the intervention led to an increase or improvement in student performance.
Performance not enhanced Articles were coded as "performance not enhanced" if they provided evidence or simply claimed that the intervention did not lead to enhanced performance, that is, there was no improvement. This category includes experimental and comparison group studies that found no differences between groups and pre/post studies that found no change over time. Although these studies provide no evidence that the intervention enhances performance, they also indicate that students who received the intervention do no worse than students who did not receive the intervention.
Personalized system of instruction Personalized system of instruction (PSI) requires students to work on course modules independently. Students are required to meet weekly in peer teams with a proctor to answer questions and take a quiz on the content studied. PSI units are self-paced and typically designed for students in large lecture classes. Adapted from http://www.edtech.vt.edu/edtech/id/models/psi.html [Accessed 09/06/05] A PSI course is an 1) individually paced, 2) mastery-oriented, 3) student-proctored course, which 4) uses printed study guides for communication of information, and 5) includes a few lectures for stimulation and motivation of students. Kulik & Kulick, 1975.
Personality [theory] Personality theories focus on the dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations. There are several theoretical perspectives on personality in psychology, which involve different ideas about the relationship between personality and other psychological constructs.
Population This category provides information on the demographic characteristics of the sample as well as disability and risk status.
Portfolios Portfolio refers to a personal collection of information describing and documenting a person's achievements and learning. There are a variety of portfolios ranging from learning logs to extended collections of achievement evidence. Portfolios are used for many different purposes such as accreditation of prior experience, job search, continuing professional development, certification of competences. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolios [Accessed 09/20/05]
Positive attitude Outcomes were coded as positive attitude if the results were presented in terms of students' having or not having a positive attitude toward the intervention.
Pre-/post-test or survey Pre- and post-test studies or surveys measure students knowledge, attitudes, or beliefs prior to the intervention and again after the intervention. The difference between scores indicates the effect of the intervention.
Presentation (intervention) Students, individually or in groups, orally communicate information or the results of their projects to peers, instructors, clients, or judges.
Problem solving (intervention) Problem solving approaches require students to use higher-order cognitive processes to solve nonroutine problems. Problem solving often requires students to arrive at a desired goal/solution with a given initial state through an unspecified route.
Problem solving skills (outcome) Outcomes were coded as problem solving skills if the results involved the ability to identify, formulate, or solve engineering or scientific problems.
Problem-based learning Problem-based learning (PBL) is a didactic concept of "active learning" in tertiary education, but is currently being adapted for use in K-12 education. The defining characteristics of PBL are: (a) learning is driven by messy, open-ended problems, (b) students work in small collaborative groups, and (c) teachers are facilitators of learning. Accordingly, students are encouraged to take responsibility for their group and organize and direct the learning process with support from a tutor or instructor. Advocates of PBL claim it can be used to enhance content knowledge and foster the development of communication, problem-solving, and self-directed learning skills. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem-based_learning [Accessed 09/07/05]
Professional skills Outcomes were coded as professional skills if the results were presented in terms of the ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.
Professional speakers Professional speakers are working professionals who have been invited to talk with students about engineering practice in business, industry, and government. Professional speakers are often used to help improve student retention.
Program The intervention took place throughout a program (i.e., a subfield or unit within in a department).
Project-based learning An approach to learning that focuses on developing a product or creation. The project may or may not be student-centered, problem-based, or inquiry-based. http://eduscapes.com/tap/topic43.htm [Accessed 09/0705]